الدرس التاسع أدوات الربط Linking Words + Exercise

 درس أدوات الربط Linking Words + Exercise

أدوات الربط هي بكل بساطة كلمات نستعملها لربط الأفكار عندما نكتب. هناك مجموعة من أدوات الربط [linking words] في اللغة الإنجليزية و لكل أداة ربط وظيفتها حسب سياق الجملة. لاحظ هذا المثال جيدا:

1. The Internet is a source of information.

2. The internet is a source of entertainment.

هنا لدينا جملتان يمكن أن نربط بينهما بإستعمال أحد أدوات الربط التي تعبر عن الإضافة و نقول:

🔴The Internet is a source of information. Besides , it is a source of entertainment.

الكلمة التي إستعملناها لربط الجملتين هي [Besides] و تعني [بالإضافة إلى ذلك] و وظيفتها هي الإضافة [Addition]

      هناك مجموعة من أدوات الربط في اللغة الإنجليزية و لكل أداة ربط وظيفتها الخاصة مثل:

🔴الإضافة [Addition]

🔴الإستدراك [Concession]

🔴السبب [Cause]

🔴النتيجة [Effect]

🔴الغاية و الهدف [Purpose]

 Addition (الإضافة)

للتعبير عن الإضافة نستعمل كلمات مثل:

Besides | In addition | Moreover | Furthermore | Also | Too | Additionally | And

كل هذه العبارات تعني "بالإضافة إلى ذلك" باللغة العربية.

Examples

✅ My friend is very intelligent boy. He is hard working. (moreover)
Answer: My friend is very intelligent. Moreover, he is hard working.
✅ Jack works in a bank. He works in a school. (In addition)
Answer: Jack works in a bank. In addition, he works in a school.
✅ The report is badly written. It is not very accurate. (Besides)
Answer: The report is badly written. Besides, it is not accurate.

Concession 1 (الإستدراك)

للتعبير عن الإستدراك نستعمل كلمات مثل:

But | Yet | However

كل هذه العبارات تعني "لكن" باللغة العربية مثل:

Examples:

✅ The government built many schools in rural areas. Many women are still illiterate. (However)
Answer: The government built many schools in rural areas. However, many women are still illiterate.
✅ The internet has many disadvantages. Teenagers still use it a lot. (But)
Answer: The internet has many disadvantages. But, teenagers still use it a lot.

Concession 2 (الإستدراك)

للتعبير عن الإستدراك نستعمل عبارات أخرى مثل:

Although | Even though | Though | Despite | In spite of

كل هذه العبارات تعني "بالرغم من" باللغة العربية مثل:

✅ Many people refused to buy milk in Morocco. The government did not respond to people. (Although)
Answer: Although many people refused to buy milk in Morocco, the government did not respond to people.
✅ John works day and night. He does not save much money for himself. (Despite)
Answer (1): Despite the fact that John works day and night, he does not save much money for himself.
Answer (2): Despite working day and night, John does not save much money for himself.
✅ African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy. Many people are still illiterate. (in spite of)
Answer (1): In spite of the fact that African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy, many people are still illiterate.
Answer (2): In spite of making a great effort to reduce illiteracy, many people are still illiterate in African countries.

Cause (السبب)

للتعبير عن السبب نستعمل عبارات مثل:

Because | Since | For | As

كل هذه العبارات تعني "لأنه" باللغة العربية مثل:

Examples:

✅ I am revising my lessons every day. I want to get a very good mark. (because)
Answer: I am revising my lessons every day because I want to get a very good mark.
✅ It was raining heavily last night. We did not go to cinema. (because)
Answer: We didn't go to cinema because it was raining heavily.
✅ The criminal robbed the bank. The police arrested him. (because)
Answer: The police arrested the criminal because he robbed the bank.
✅ People don't have high paying jobs. They emigrate abroad. (because)
Answer: People emigrate abroad because they don't have high paying jobs.

Effect (النتيجة)

للتعبير عن النتيجة نستعمل عبارات مثل:

As a result | So | Consequently | As a consequence | Therefore | Because of this

 

Examples:

✅ Many students did not come to the school. The weather was very bad. (as a result)
Answer: The weather was very bad as a result many students did not come to school.
✅ Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. They emigrate to Europe. (therefore)
Answer: Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. Therefore, they emigrate to Europe.
✅ The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. The police arrested him immediately. (consequently)
Answer: The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. Consequently, the police arrested him immediately.

 

Purpose (الغاية و الهدف)

للتعبير عن الغاية و الهدف من فعل شيء ما، نستعمل عبارات مثل:

In order to | So as to | To | So that | For

كل هذه العبارات تعني "لكي" أو "من أجل أن" باللغة العربية مثل:

Examples:

✅ Ahmed went to the cafe. He wants to watch UCL games. (so as to)
Answer: Ahmed went to the cafe so as to watch UCL games.
✅ Mr. White works every day. He wants to save some money. (in order to)
Answer: Mr. White works every day in order to save some money.
✅ You should concentrate well. Don't make mistakes in your exam. (so as not to)
Answer: You should concentrate well so as not to make mistakes in your exam.
✅ Edward should wake up early. He wants to come on time to the meeting. (to)
Answer: Edward should wake up early to come on time to the meeting.
✅ My classmates are collecting donations. They want to help poor people. (so that)
Answer: My classmates are collecting donations so that they can help poor people
✅ The organization used TV and Radio ads. They want to reach people everywhere. (so that)
Answer: The organization used TV and Radio ads so that they can reach people everywhere

1.	Intellectual get very low salaries   choose one   Because   Therefore   despite   they decide to emigrate to developed countries.
2.	He got the worst mark   choose one   in spite of   Although   whereas   making so much effort.
3.	The air is very polluted in the cities   choose one   However   as a result   because of   the smoke of cars and factories.
4.	Mahmoud says: I enjoyed my trip   choose one   whereas   although   despite   it was raining cats and dogs.
5.	Jasmine got the best grades at school   choose one   However   thanks to   because   her parents' advice.
6.	He invested so much money in his project.   choose one   since   However   besides   he was not very successful.
7.	I really want to take up this hobby.   choose one   since   so as to   But   I don't have much time for it.
8.	Many people learn computer skills   choose one   because   despite   in order to   get high paying jobs in the future.
9.	My friend always goes to the cafe   choose one   so that   whereas   so as to   watch UCL games.
10.	My friend started a his business successfully   choose one   however   despite   because   financial difficulties.
11.	The government built many schools in rural areas   choose one   despite   because   As a result   the rate of illiteracy has decreased noticeably.
12.	Many people dont have jobs in developing countries.   choose one   Consequently   because   Besides   they emigrate to western countries to look for better salaries.
13.	Many students did not come to school yesterday   choose one   As a result   because   despite   the weather was not very nice.
14.	Online games have negative effects on teenagers.   choose one   consequently   Yet   so that   Many of them are unaware of that.
15.	The internet is a source of information.   choose one   as a result   Besides   whereas   It is a source of entertainment.
16.	Many people are moving to cities   choose one   since   However   despite   job opportunities are very limited in rural areas.
17.	The boss is so mean to me,   choose one   although   because   So   I decided to leave that job and look for a new one.
18.	Professional people   choose one   because   despite   such as   teachers, experts and skilled workers leave their countries to work abroad.
19.	Susan likes America music   choose one   as a result   So   whereas   her sister Lucy like Arabic music.
20.	My classmates are collecting donations   choose one   despite   so that   in order to   they can help some poor students in our school. the correction 1. Therefore 2. in spite of 3. because of 4. although 5. thanks to 6. However 7. But 8. in order to 9. so as to 10. despite 11. As a result 12. Consequently 13. because 14. Yet 15. Besides 16. since 17. So 18. such as 19. whereas 20. so that